Anode: - Aluminium - Graphite today, Silicon Tomorrow Cathode: - Copper - Abundant iron and possibly copper should replace scarce nickel and cobalt in cathodes - Battery cathodes have been traditionally composed of **poly-crystal particles** (structured like a meatball), but **new single-crystal (SC) particles** are emerging as a superior alternative. - SC materials are more resistant to degradation, particularly particle cracking and gas evolution, in NMC 811 pouch cells via acoustic spectroscopy and X-ray tomography.  - Expected to see a rise in SC materials within commercial cells over the next few years. Separators: - Ceramic separators should replace today’s polymer separators