[[Twenty Percent]] was a venture designed in this space by Karan Pinto from Aedis and a wider team of extremely bright and climate conscious individuals ### Definitions - **Carbon Sequestration** refers to the process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir - Set aside / prevent it from interacting with the atmosphere - **Carbon Storage** refers to the quantity of carbon stored in a reservoir Carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems rely on two reactions: 1. one that removes diluted CO2 from the air, 2. one that releases pure CO2 from the system to be stored. When the ions that power these reactions mix, they produce water, making the process less efficient. ----- [Mind Map](https://www.xmind.net/m/RZ4GXW/) [[CCUS Graphics]] [[CO2 Uses]] [[Great CO2 links]] [[Climate ROI CCUS]] ### Steps 1. Capture from emission source / smoke stack & Separate CO2 from other gases  2. Compress CO2 into liquid  3. Transport in a Pipeline  4. Sequester - Geologically ### Carbon Capture Technologies 1. ##### Post Combustion Capture - CO2 is captured **AFTER** fuel is burned --> Retrofitted to old power plants  2. ##### Oxy Fuel Combustion - CO2 is captured **DURING** combustion - Power plant burns fossil fuels and oxygen and this results in a gas mixture comprised of steam and CO2. - CO2 is separated when you cool it and compress the gas stream  3. ##### Pre Combustion Capture - CO2 is captured **BEFORE** fuel is burned --> Added in to new plants only  - CO2 is trapped before it's burned.. - Heat the fossil fuel in the presence of pure O2 and you get carbon monoxide + hydrogen - and then you run it through a catalytic converter and it produces more hydrogen that can be reused for energy to power this process and you get CO2 as well.. - you then put this in a flask with a chemical called amine that holds the CO2 down.. - you can extract the amine and the hydrogen and then trap the CO2 and reuse the amine #### Where is capture innovation happening - Traditionally, gas separation facilities absorb CO2 in **aqueous amine solvents.** The few pilot projects that capture CO2 from coal-fired power plants use similar technology. Indeed, nearly all carbon-capture methods **rely on some variation on aqueous amine chemistry.** - A downside of aqueous systems is **they require a lot of heat to release the captured CO2**. That’s why innovation in carbon capture is aimed at **developing substrates that put CO2 in contact with amines in a less costly way.** - In addition, making carbon capture viable at existing petrochemical and gas-fired power plants would require **absorbents or adsorbents that are cost effective** when used on emissions with CO2 concentrations of 50% or less. - **Amine substrates in development include polymer membranes, porous and semi-porous materials, and sophisticated nano-structures such as metal-organic frameworks.** - [Svante](https://svanteinc.com/), the technology provider working with LafargeHolcim, uses what it calls structured adsorbent laminate materials in its equipment. Svante hopes eventually to swap out the laminate sheets for something cheaper. It has partnered with the start-up [Mosaic Materials](https://cen.acs.org/business/start-ups/CENs-2019-10-Start-Ups-Watch/97/i44#Mosaic-Materials) to develop inexpensive metal-organic frameworks, which can help separate CO2 from a waste stream and then release it from the metal-amine complex with just a small shift in temperature. McDonald estimates that capturing carbon in a system based on Mosaic’s material will cost about $40 per metric ton of CO₂ That’s an improvement over the estimated $55–$60 cost for traditional aqueous amine-based systems. #### Compression & Transportation - Mature Technology  - More than 1500 miles of CO2 pipelines in the US.. very few CO2 pipelines fatalities and safer. - Most efficient way to transport CO2 is gas. #### Geological Storage 1. Depleted Oil & Gas Reservoirs  2. Use of CO2 in enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery  3. Deep saline formations - Rocks filled with salty water - Offshore & Onshore  4. Use of CO2 in enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery #### Example Projects  Norway  - Oldest underground CO2 suite is underground the sea floor in Norway and was built in 1996  - Sleipner Project, North Sea  - Avoid CO2 tax of $50/ tonne - 1 Mt CO2 injection / yr ( one third of emissions from a 500 MW power plant) - Seismic Monitoring of CO2 done ### [[Why do CCS]] ### Key Observations - CCS is proven and well understood - Since 1930s, CCS has been widely used commercially to purify natural gas, hydrogen and other gas streams in industrial settings.  - The current global capture and storage capacity of projects currently operation or under construction is **40 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa)** - Gigatonne scale CCUS: **Ambition GAP** --> rate CCUS is growing at 10% pa VS Rate needed to reach a Gt/year --> 20% pa. - All CCS right now is for industrial processing not power generation.. reason is it's much less expensive.. eg. steel, cement, chemicals production. To deliver the UN's energy related SDGs for emissions, energy access and air quality certain measures are necessary to limit global temperature rise to 1.8 degrees Celsius without relying on large scale negative emissions - Carbon capture utilisation and storage (CCUS) is stated to provide **9% of the cumulative emissions reduction between now and 2050** - The average mass of CO2 captured and permanently stored each year between 2019 and 2050 is **1.5 billion tonnes per annum** - The mass of CO2 captured and permanently stored in 2050 reaches **2.8 billion tonnes per annum** - The mass of CO2 captured is **split almost equally** between the power sector and industry sectors including iron and steel production, cement production, refineries and upstream oil and gas production. #### Pain Points - The deployment of CCS is **not happening quickly enough** for it to play its role in meeting emissions reductions targets at the lowest possible cost - The IEA’s ‘Tracking Clean Energy’ progress indicator, provides a status snapshot of 39 critical energy technologies needed to meet a less than 2°C target under its Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS). Only seven of the technologies assessed are “on-track”. **Critically CCS in power, and in industry and transformation, are “off-track”.** - To achieve the levels outlined in the SDS, **the number of industrial scale facilities needs to increase a hundredfold, from 19 in operation now to more than 2,000 by 2040.** #### Stages in Progressing a CCUS project - Identify, Evaluate, Define, Execute & Operate  - Negatives  - Lack of progress toward local, national and global CO2 reduction commitments has thwarted private investment - Cost of early projects are higher than expected.. No supply chain developed for CCS components  - Local public reaction is mixed #### Challenges  **Reducing the cost of capture to make it possible on the large scale** - Cost Breakdown: - Capture & Compression (75%) - Transportation (15%) - Sequestration (10%) - $ per tonne of CO2 avoided against other technologies for Power Generation **Increase confidence in the security and safety of the CO2 sequestration in geological formations** #### R&D Opportunities Solvents to take CO2 out of the gas stream  - Enhanced Amines, Chilled Ammonia, Ionic Liquids (salts that are liquid at ambient conditions), Contractor Geometry  Absorbents - Metal Organic Frameworks with Hydrophobic coating to repel water and absorb CO2  - Biomimetic Solvents #### On Air Capture - The CO2 content in air is **1 in 2500 molecules (0.04%)**, which is why capturing CO2 from the atmosphere rather than from flue gas (14% CO2 content in typical coal-fired power generation) can prove challenging and more capital intensive - However, it would enable us to partially **de-couple CO2 capture from the energy industry-related infrastructure**, and capture emissions from any source, which is significant for the transportation industry which is responsible for 60% of our current emissions. - The global capacity to store carbon dioxide is vast and lies between 5 and 30 trillion tons (source [here](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610216000400)). What makes direct air capture a unique approach is that it has the smallest land and water usage of all carbon dioxide removal approaches. ## Companies 1. [Aker Carbon Capture](https://akercarboncapture.com/) 2. EQUINOR 3. Delta CleanTech 4. Occidental 5. Schlumberger 6. [CarbFix](https://www.carbfix.com/) 7. [Climeworks](https://climeworks.com/) 8. [NetPower](https://netpower.com/) 9. [CarbonEngineering](https://carbonengineering.com/) 10. [Global Thermostat](https://globalthermostat.com/)