ASHRAE Thermal Guidelines introduce environmental classes A1 to A4 - dynamic set points are better. Europe: EN50600 standard series, covers all aspects of a sustainable data center model Germany implements stringent: 1.2 max PUE from July 2026 and old ones to be 1.3 Amsterdam, Nord Holland: 1.16 PUE Best practices to reduce PUE: 1. Power monitoring and measurement: intelligent Rack PDUs with a DCIM solution 2. Airflow Management: 3. Flexible Containment: Separate hot and cold air: roofs and doors 4. Cooling Systems: Rear door systems: air assisted liquid cooling #wip --- UPS TCO 1. Energy Efficiency: high efficiency UPS cuts down on electricity bills and heat generation.. less heat is less need for cooling 2. Power Factor and Harmonics: Avoiding hidden costs through meaning power quality effectively. Bad power factor can cause more wasted energy and higher utility costs. High harmonics can cause equipment to overheat and fail pre maturely 3. Scalability and Modularity: Modular UPS to add capacity with dc growth. Build with Lego blocks. Add what you need when you need it. Lower downtime and lower maintenance costs. --- UPS Design Considerations Which configurations to choose for N means capacity for critical load 1. Capacity configuration: power parallel: basic set up: single UPS module or a parallel set of modules that provide just enough power to support critical loads, great for small offices or computer banks: where simplicity is the name of the game. If UPS fails the whole system goes down. 2. Isolated Redundant Configuration: N + 1.. one UPS takes the full load, whilst the other one sits idly by - waits to jump in if something goes wrong. Better reliability. Back up system is unused and Switching to back up is not seamless and could have higher OPEX 3. Parallel Redundant Configuration: N+ 1: Evenly shares the load between 2 UPS systems. If one goes down, the other can handle. Great balance between resilience and cost. UPS systems need to be identical. More redundant but more expensive. 4. Distributed redundant configuration: N + N or A + B: 2 independent distribution systems supported by their own UPS. Downtime is not tolerable. Maintain one UPS without harming the other. Needs load balancing to minimise inefficiency 5. System plus system configuration: 2N or 2N + 1: 2 separate power paths with full redundancy. Each system can handle the load on its own. Mission critical operations. Max reliability. No single points of failure. Power capacity + Budget + Criticality. --- How to distribute the power effectively to keep up with evolving demands. AI and HPC are demanding higher power density and dynamic workloads. Years ago we saw the need for just 8 - 12 kW. Today we see the need for 40 kW + or 100 kW+ Dc are turning to busway systems. Busways are becoming the go to approach for power distribution: 1. Adaptability: busways offer plug and play capabilities. Expand set up without turning 2. Safe through solid compression connections, long lasting joints that reduce risk of overheating over time, high Dielectric strength insulation. 3. Spacing: better than underflow cabling, more space for racks and airflow, through overhead power distribution, eliminating the need for BRPP 4. 5.