- **Separation of Keys from Application**: HSMs securely store cryptographic keys, separating them from potentially vulnerable applications and systems, thereby ensuring that even if the software is compromised, the keys remain secure. - **Secure Key Generation**: Keys are generated within the HSM using a high-entropy random number generator. These keys never leave the secure boundary of the HSM, mitigating risks of interception during generation. - **Non-Exportability of Keys**: Private and sensitive cryptographic keys cannot be exported from the HSM. Operations that require keys (like signing or decryption) are performed inside the HSM, ensuring keys are never exposed. - **Hardware Tamper Resistance**: HSMs are designed to be physically tamper-resistant, protecting against attacks by erasing or rendering keys unusable if tampering is detected. - **Strict Access Control**: Only authenticated and authorized personnel or systems can interact with the HSM. Multi-factor authentication and role-based access control ensure that unauthorized individuals cannot access critical functions. - **Cryptographic Isolation**: The HSM isolates cryptographic functions from the rest of the system, preventing attacks from compromising the hardware's secure boundary. - **Compliance with Standards**: HSMs adhere to security certifications such as FIPS 140-2 and Common Criteria, ensuring they meet the stringent requirements for industries that demand high-level security.