Involves **adjusting the parameters of a reservoir model** to achieve a close match between the simulated behaviour of the reservoir and the observed historical production and pressure data. **Historic matching** is crucial for effective reservoir management, production optimization, and future production forecasting. ### Industrial Use Cases - **Field Development Planning:** Optimizing field development plans by refining reservoir models - **Reservoir Management:** Monitoring and analyzing, assessing the impact of operational and production strategies. - **Reserves Estimation:** Improving reserve estimates by providing a validated reservoir model that closely matches historical production. Risk Analysis and - **[[Uncertainty]] Quantification:** Quantifying uncertainties associated with reservoir properties and production forecasts, assessing risks, and uncertainties - **Reservoir Performance Analysis:** Analyzing the performance of the reservoir over time ### Challenges 1. **Data Availability and Quality:** Limited/inconsistent historical production and pressure data can hinder the accuracy of the matching process. 2. **Non-Unique Solutions:** Identifying the true and unique solution is challenging due to multiple parameter combinations that yield a good match. 3. **Parameter Uncertainty:** Uncertainty in reservoir model parameters poses a challenge in determining their range or [[probability]] distribution 4. **Computational Complexity:** Running multiple iterations of the matching process for large and complex reservoir models 5. **High-Dimensional Parameter Space:** Optimizing a high-dimensional parameter space with numerous parameters is computationally intensive. 6. **Model Simplification:** Assumptions and simplifications made in reservoir models introduce uncertainties and limitations. 7. **Overfitting and Model Bias:** Avoiding overfitting, where the model excessively adjusts to match historical data, and minimizing model bias. 8. **Trade-offs and Balancing** #### Existing Solution Providers 1. [Schlumberger](https://www.slb.com/products-and-services/innovating-in-oil-and-gas/reservoir-characterization/seismic/seismic-data-processing/broadband-processing/generalized-matching-pursuit)[:](https://www.slb.com/products-and-services/innovating-in-oil-and-gas/reservoir-characterization/seismic/seismic-data-processing/broadband-processing/generalized-matching-pursuit) Offer software and services, including tools and historic data analysis, model calibration and historic matching 2. [Halliburton](https://www.halliburton.com/en/products/reservoir-characterization): reservoir characterization and modeling software for optimizing reservoir performance and decision-making. 3. Emerson ([link](https://www.emerson.com/en-gb/news/automation/1907-rms-reservoir-modeling)) ([aspen tech](https://pdgm.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/32728)): reservoir modeling and simulation software 4. [Baker Hughes](https://www.bakerhughes.com/completions/stimulation-and-fracturing/jewelsuite-reservoir-stimulation): reservoir simulation and modeling software solutions 5. [Kappa Engineering](https://www.kappaeng.com/software/kw/overview): reservoir engineering and offers software tools 6. [IFP Technologies](https://ifp-canada.com/): tools to calibrate reservoir models and predictive capabilities. 7. [CMG](https://www.cmgl.ca/software) (Computer Modelling Group): reservoir simulation software with advanced history matching capabilities #quantum