- **Cryptographic Processor**: Performs encryption, decryption, signing, and hashing operations. It is optimized for high-performance cryptographic tasks. - **Key Management System**: Securely generates, stores, and manages cryptographic keys. Often includes key generation, storage, and lifecycle management. - **Random Number Generator**: A high-quality random number generator that ensures cryptographic operations (like key generation) have sufficient entropy, making keys unpredictable. - **Tamper-Resistant Hardware**: Physical protections like tamper-evident seals, tamper-response circuitry, and shielding that protects the device against physical attacks or unauthorized access attempts. - **Access Control Mechanism**: Ensures that only authorized users or systems can access the HSM’s cryptographic functions or keys. It often includes multi-factor authentication and role-based access control. - **Firmware**: Software that runs within the HSM to implement security policies and execute cryptographic functions. It may include secure boot processes and automatic updates. - **Audit and Logging**: Provides a logging mechanism to record all operations, including access attempts, key generation, and cryptographic operations. This ensures auditability and compliance.