Ways in which we could improve the energy and environmental footprint of the steelmaking process: **Carbon2Value –** this demonstration project aims to reduce GHG emissions in steelmaking by 30%+ by **separating CO and CO2 emissions from the blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace into high- concentration streams.** The CO streams can be turned into ethanol for fuel and chemical building blocks such as naphtha and acetate while the CO2-rich streams can be stored or made available on the CO2 market. **Carbalyst**® – in this programme, we use **microbial processes to convert waste gases from a blast furnace or basic oxygen furnace into ethanol**, creating an attractive alternative to biofuels made from food crops or ‘green’ chemicals such as ethylene. Biomass by-products from the process can create methane for generating electricity and heat, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. **SIDERWIN** – we are leading a consortium that is developing a completely new method for producing iron, via an electrolytic process that uses renewable electricity directly without the need for an intermediate conversion to hydrogen. It offers the potential to transform iron oxides into iron with 87% lower CO2 emissions and 31% less direct energy use compared with traditional steelmaking plants. Involving 12 partners from seven European countries, this €6.8m project runs from 2017-2022. **IGAR** – this demonstration project at our Dunkerque site captures steelmaking gases and reforms them into a reductant gas (CO and H2) that can replace coal in the blast furnace. **Torero** – this project uses ‘torrefaction’ to transform waste biomass into ‘biocoal’ that can replace pulverised coal in the blast furnace, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Based at our facility in Gent, Belgium, the Torero plant offers an alternative to incineration and in its early stage, will transform 120,000 tonnes of waste wood into 50,000 tonnes of biocoal. Torero could also work with a number of waste streams beyond biomass, for example waste plastics, where it could contribute to solving the high-profile issue of plastic waste. **H2 Hamburg** – at our Hamburg site we are planning a €65 million project to use hydrogen on an industrial scale to reduce iron ore in a direct reduced iron (DRI) furnace. Hydrogen currently provides 50% of the reaction in DRI steelmaking, with the remainder coming from natural gas. There is potential for hydrogen to provide 100% of the reaction, removing the need for fossil gas. When hydrogen from renewable sources becomes more widely available, this could significantly reduce the carbon emissions of steelmaking.